Tuner and rectifier circuit for wireless power receiver

ABSTRACT

A tuner and rectifier circuit for wireless power transfer receivers is provided using a single inductor and two switching networks. The single inductor is used for energy exchange between the receiver resonant circuit and an output energy buffer network wherein the rectification function is met. The tuning state of the receiver resonant circuit is tracked, and the inductor is accordingly coupled with the receiver resonant circuit after an adaptive time period to inject an inductive reactance to the tank for tuning purpose.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/967,142 filed Apr. 30, 2018, claiming priority to European Patent Application No. 1800161.2 filed Feb. 19, 2018 and entitled “TUNER AND RECTIFIER APPARATUS FOR WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER RECEIVER” which hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to wireless power transfer and wireless power transfer receivers and, more specifically, to a tuner and bridgeless rectifier in a compact circuit structure.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND AND RELATED ART

Magnetic resonance wireless power transfer (WPT) has become a reliable technology for contactless power delivery for a wide range of applications. The WPT spans a wide field of applications ranging from few milliwatts low-power sensors up to tens of kilowatts high-power electric vehicles. In WPT systems, a transmitting coil is energized by an alternating current producing a magnetic flux that is linked to one or more other receiving coils that are attached to either a stationary or moving load. In order to enhance the efficiency of WPT links while extending the power delivery distance, resonating coils are created at the transmitter and receiver sides by compensating the coils using capacitive elements connected either in series or parallel with the corresponding coils. The transmitter and receiver resonant circuits must be tuned to the same frequency of operation in order to ensure a maximum power transmission at the highest possible efficiency.

A common problem in magnetic WPT systems is the stability and sensitivity issues when the transmitting and receiving resonant circuits are designed for high quality factor (Q) operation. It has been shown that the higher the quality factor, the higher the maximum power that could be delivered to the load. On the other hand, a high Q WPT receiver implicates high selective resonant characteristics that makes the resonant tank vulnerable to any small mismatch. The mismatch causes include, but are not limited to, frequency drifts, circuit parameter variations due to components tolerance or environmental effects, metallic or radiating proximity devices, and misalignment between coils. Any source of mismatch would deteriorate the performance of high Q WPT receivers and the power transfer capability is greatly degraded. To enable the employment of high Q resonant WPT receivers, the receivers has to be equipped by a device for compensating the potential effects of mismatch.

Solutions for this problem include adding a variable reactive element to the WPT receiver tank that could be used for tuning. This approach has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,093,758, where an inductor has been added to the receiver to tune or detune the resonant circuit dynamically according to the load conditions. However, this approach has been applied for the purpose of decreasing the losses of the receiver power converter at light loads. Moreover, a rectifying bridge is required.

Another approach in U.S. Pat. No. 8,183,938 disclosed a variable reactance realized in one embodiment by a saturable core inductor where the inductance value is controlled by varying a bias current to control the output power level. However, the disclosed system is used to track the tuning condition of the system while a separated power circuit is required for rectification and regulation of the output power.

Another approach posed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,236,771 where a plurality of variable capacitors is coupled or decoupled from the resonant tank through a plurality of switches in order to alter the resonance frequency of the resonant tank. However, this approach requires a large number of capacitors and switches still with limited tuning capabilities.

U.S patent application 2016190816 discloses a wireless power receiver comprising a receiver resonant circuit formed by three reactive components for receiving wireless power; one single switch electrically arranged between two same type series coupled reactive components in said receiver resonant circuit for switching it between a first mode and a second mode responsive to a first control signal, wherein the first mode corresponds to a parallel resonant circuit and the second mode corresponds to a series resonant circuit, wherein the one single switch operates as a series resonant circuit rectifier for rectifying an AC voltage generated by received wireless power in said second mode; one full wave parallel resonant circuit rectifier for rectifying an AC voltage or half AC voltage generated from the received wireless power across the two same type series coupled reactive components and said one single switch in said first mode; and one second switch for coupling the full wave rectified parallel resonant circuit voltage to one load in said first mode and for decoupling the full wave rectified parallel resonant circuit voltage from said one load in said second mode.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is meant to enable the employment of high Q resonant WPT receivers while an automatic tuning for the resonant circuit is achieved with one inductor coupled between two switching networks whereas the rectification from alternating current to charge an output buffer is achieved using the same circuit. A compact circuit structure is configured to: sense the tuning condition of the WPT receiver tank and adaptively generate a first interval of time synchronized with respect to the positive and negative cycles; couple the inductor with the resonant circuit to charge the inductor from the resonant voltage during a second interval of time; and couple the inductor between the resonant tank and the output energy buffer in order to rectify the energy from the resonant tank to the output buffer during a third interval of time.

The invention also comprises a switch controlling circuit that senses one or more parameters from the receiver resonant circuit and respond by generating a first interval of time accordingly; wait for the said first interval of time and then switch one or more switches of the first switching network to couple the inductor across the receiver resonant circuit during a second interval of time; and switch one or more switches of the second switching network to couple the inductor between the receiver resonant circuit and the output buffer during a third interval of time.

In another aspect, the invention discloses one of the preferred embodiments, wherein the receiver resonant circuit is coupled between a first node and a second node. An inductor coupled between a third node and a fourth node. A first switching network, comprises: a first switch coupled between the first node and the third node; and a second switch coupled between the fourth node and the second node. A second switching network comprises: a first switch coupled between the fourth node and a fifth node; and a second switch coupled between the third node and the fifth node. An energy buffer network comprises at least one energy buffer element coupled between the fifth node and the second node. A switch controlling circuit configured to sense the voltage or current or both of the receiver resonant circuit and respond by closing one switch or more of the first and second switching network after a first interval of time synchronized with their respective cycles of the receiver resonant voltage.

This aspect includes waiting for elapsing of the first interval of time generated by the switch controlling circuit during the positive half-cycle of the resonant voltage, then the inductor is coupled between the first and the second node by closing the first and the second switches of the first switching network during a fixed or variable second interval of time. In the said second interval of time, the inductor charges from the receiver resonant voltage. Then, the second switch of the first switching network is opened, and the first switch of the second switching network is closed to couple the inductor between the third and the fourth node during a fixed or variable third interval of time. In the said third interval of time, the output energy buffer is energized from the receiver resonant circuit and the inductor. This sequence is repeated during the negative half-cycle of the resonant voltage, where the first and second switches of the first switching network are closed to charge the inductor with a negative current, and then the first switch of the first switching network is opened and second switch of the second switching network is closed to energize the output energy buffer from the inductor during a third interval of time.

In a further aspect of the invention, another embodiment of the invention is a receiver resonant circuit coupled between a first node and second node. An inductor coupled between a first node and a third node. A first switching network, comprises: a switch coupled between the third node and the second node. A second switching network comprises: a first switch coupled between the third node and fourth node; and a second switch coupled between the third node and fifth node. An energy buffer network comprises: a first energy buffer coupled between the fourth node and the second node; and a second energy buffer coupled between the second node and the fifth node. A switch controlling circuit configured to sense the voltage or current or both of the receiver resonant circuit and respond by closing one switch or more of the first and second switching network after a first interval of time synchronized with their respective cycles of the receiver resonant voltage.

This aspect includes waiting for elapsing of the first interval of time generated by the switch controlling circuit during the positive half-cycle of the resonant voltage, then the inductor is coupled between the first and the second node by closing the switch of the first switching network during a fixed or variable second interval of time. In the said second interval of time, the inductor charges from the receiver resonant voltage. Then, the switch of the first switching network is opened, and the first switch of the second switching network is closed to couple the inductor between the third and the fourth node during a fixed or variable third interval of time. In the said third interval of time, the first energy buffer is energized from the receiver resonant circuit and the inductor. This sequence is repeated during the negative half-cycle of the resonant voltage, where the switch of the first switching network is closed to charge the inductor with a negative current, and then the switch of the first switching network is opened and second switch of the second switching network is closed to energize the second energy buffer from the receiver resonant voltage and the inductor during a third interval of time.

The invention may also broadly consist in any new parts, elements and features referred to herein, individually, or collectively, in any or all combinations of said parts, elements or features.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram for one known embodiment of power flow control in WPT receivers.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a WPT receiver connected to the tuner and rectifier device of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment showing of the disclosed tuner and rectifier device.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing another embodiment of a tuner and rectifier device.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of the control of one of the preferred embodiments.

FIG. 6 shows the resonant tank voltage and the corresponding current in the inductor of the embodiment in FIG. 3 while showing the direct current voltage of the output buffer.

FIG. 7 shows a graph of the equivalent variable inductance versus the time-delay and the equivalent ac resistance versus the same time-delay.

FIG. 8 is graph showing the timing of current path in the inductor in accordance to the different switching phases.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a wireless power receiver circuit.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the drawings, the preferred embodiments of the invention are described in detail. FIG. 2 shows the block diagram of a WPT receiver coupled to a tuner and rectifier device which may be considered as a general embodiment for invention. In general, the WPT receiver comprises: a WPT receiver resonant tank coupled between a first node and a second node; a inductor L_(DC) coupled between a third node and a fourth node; an energy buffer network coupled between a fifth node and a sixth node; a first switching network having two ports and the first port is coupled between the first and the second nodes, while the second port is coupled between the third and the fourth nodes; a second switching network having two ports and the first port is coupled between the third and the fourth nodes, while the second port is coupled between the fifth and the sixth nodes; and a switch controlling circuit that senses one or more parameters of the WPT receiver resonant tank and respond by controlling the switches of the first or the second switching networks.

The first switching network or the first switching network in FIG. 2 may contain one or more switches. The inductor L_(DC) having two terminals coupled between the first switching networks and the second switching networks, wherein the inductor L_(DC) may be coupled in to the terminals of the receiver resonant circuit or coupled to the terminals of the energy buffer network or coupled between the receiver resonant circuit and the energy buffer network.

In operation, the switch controlling circuit in FIG. 2 may sense one or more parameters of the receiver resonant circuit to track the tuning condition of the receiver resonant circuit. The controller, in response to the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank, may respond by closing one or more switches of the first switching network or the second switching network or both of them. Consequently, the inductor L_(DC) may be coupled to the receiver resonant tank or between the receiver resonant tank and the energy buffer network. While the inductor L_(DC) is coupled to the receiver resonant tank, the inductor charges either with a positive current or a negative current according to the polarity of the receiver resonant tank voltage.

The switch controlling circuit tracks the tuning condition of the receiver resonant circuit and respond by applying an adaptive time-delay that is synchronized with the start of either a positive cycle or negative cycle of the receiver resonant voltage. Then, after the elapsing of the time-delay, the switches of the first switching network or the second switching network are enabled to either couple the inductor to the receiver resonant tank or the energy buffer network. The adaptive time-delay applied by the switch controlling circuit allow the synthesis of a variable reactance to be coupled in parallel with the WPT receiver tank. Consequently, the disclosed structure allows adaptive tuning of the receiver resonant circuit as well as energy rectification using a single inductor L_(DC).

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of the invention including an apparatus for tuning and rectification and a WPT receiver. The topology of the WPT receiver comprises a receiving coil L_(Rx) compensated by one capacitor C_(Rx) in parallel, therefrom a parallel resonant tank is constituted. The tuning and rectification apparatus is connected in parallel with the receiver resonant tank.

In FIG. 3, the tuning and rectification apparatus comprises a single inductor L_(DC), and four switches (S_(C1), S_(C2), S_(D1), and S_(D2)) and an output capacitor C_(out) representing an energy buffer. The switches are used to control the charging and discharging of the inductor L_(DC) by connecting the inductor L_(DC) either to the receiver resonant circuit or to the energy buffer C_(out) or between both of them. Referring to the same figure, the apparatus includes a switch controlling circuit that senses one or more circuit parameters from the receiver resonant tank and produces the drive gating signals of the four switches.

In operation, the switch controlling circuit tracks the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank, according to the sensed parameters, and then start the switching sequence after the elapsing of a first interval of time. Then, switches S_(C1) and S_(C2) are engaged for a second interval of time by enabling their drive gating signals, thereof, the inductor L_(DC) is coupled in parallel with the receiver resonant. During the said second interval of time, the inductor charges with a current either going out or going in the receiver resonant circuit according to a positive half-cycle or negative half-cycle of the receiver resonant tank voltage. The second interval of time may be a controlled time or uncontrolled. After that, during a third interval of time, switch SC2 is opened and switch SD1 is closed to direct the energy to the energy buffer Cout. During the said third interval of time, the inductor is coupled between the receiver resonant tank and the energy buffer Cout, wherein the third interval of time may be controlled (or uncontrolled).

The implementation of switches (SC1, SC2, SD1, and SD2) may be realized by any semiconductor technology such as MOSFETs, IGBTs, or any other semiconductor technology that ensures a fast switching performance while the losses are kept low such that an optimum performance is guaranteed.

FIG. 4 shows a tuner and rectifier apparatus according to another embodiment of the invention including a WPT receiver comprises a receiving coil L_(Rx) compensated by one capacitor C_(Rx) in parallel, therefrom a parallel resonant tank is constituted. The tuning and rectification apparatus comprises a single inductor L_(DC), and four switches (S_(C1), S_(D1), and S_(D2)) and two output capacitors C_(buff1) and C_(buff2) representing the energy buffer network. The switch S_(C1) controls the charging of the inductor L_(DC) from the receiver resonant tank while switches S_(C1) and S_(D2) controls the de-energization of inductor L_(DC) whereas the energy is rectified to one of the output capacitors. A switch controlling circuit that senses one or more circuit parameters from the receiver resonant tank and respond by selectively switch S_(C1), S_(D1), and S_(D2) accordingly through the drive gating signals.

The switch controlling circuit in FIG. 4 tracks the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank by sensing one or more parameters including a voltage or current or both of them. In order to adjust the reactive part synthesized by the circuit, the switch controlling circuit respond by generating a first interval of time in order to delay the engagement of the inductor L_(DC) to the receiver resonant circuit. It has been found that delaying the current passing out of the receiver resonant tank with respect to the receiver tank voltage synthesizes an inductive reactance loading to the receiver resonant tank. The synthesized inductive reactance is a function of the time-delay after which the inductor L_(DC) is engaged to the receiver resonant tank. In general, the switch controlling circuit adaptively track the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank and respond by either increasing or decreasing the time-delay in order to synthesize a variable inductive reactance to retune the receiver tank.

In a positive half-cycle of the receiver resonant voltage, the switch controlling circuit delay the switching for the first interval of time, then engage the inductor LDC to the receiver tank by closing switch SC1 to charge the inductor during a second interval of time. At the end of the second interval of time which may be controlled (or uncontrolled), switch SC1 is opened and switch SD1 is closed for a third interval of time, wherein the inductor LDC is coupled between the receiver resonant tank and the first output capacitor Cbuff1 in order to rectify the energy to the output.

The same switching sequence is followed during the negative half-cycle of the receiver resonant voltage, after the elapsing of the first interval of time, the inductor LDC is engaged to the receiver resonant tank during a second interval of time. The third interval of time starts by opening switch SC1 and close switch SD2 to couple the inductor LDC between the receiver resonant tank and the second output capacitor C_(buff2) to the rectify a second portion of the receiver tank energy. The final rectified output voltage may be the summation of the voltage of C_(buff1) and C_(buff2) wherein the load may be coupled between the two capacitors.

FIG. 5 illustrates the tuner and rectifier apparatus in the embodiment of FIG. 3 wherein the switch controlling circuit may be replaced by an embodiment shown in the figure. A possible MOSEFT based realization for switches S_(C1), S_(C2), S_(D1) and S_(D2) is also indicated in the schematic diagram. The switches realization shown in the figure may be considered as an exemplary embodiment, thereof the switches may be realized with a different technology without departing from the scope of the invention. The switch controlling circuit, in FIG. 5, comprises a phase detector, low-pass filter, error amplifier (EA), phase locked loop (PLL), comparator and gating block. The control approach is designed based on sensing the receiver resonant tank voltage v_(ac) and the resonant current i_(ac), wherein the control loop ensures that v_(ac) lags the resonant current i_(ac) by 90°, thereof the receiver tank fully-tuned condition is reached. The output of the phase detector that represents the phase difference between v_(ac) and i_(ac) may be compared to a fixed reference voltage V_(ref) that corresponds to a phase lag of 90°. Then, the dc level coming from the error amplifier is compared with a sawtooth to produce the value of the time-delay a.

The full system including the invention embodiment and the exemplary control shown in FIG. 5 is simulated to illustrate the operation. The simulation waveforms in FIG. 6 shows the receiver resonant tank voltage v_(ac), the receiver resonant current i_(ac), the control output signal V_(Ctrl), the sawtooth signal V_(ST), the gating signals of S_(C1) and S_(C2), and the inductor current i_(LDC). According the aforementioned operation, the control output signal V_(Ctrl), is compared with the sawtooth signal V_(ST) to result in the correct delay-time value α corresponding a specific synthesizable inductance L_(α). The said synthesizable inductance L_(α) is necessary for ensuring that the receiver resonant tank is fully-tuned. FIG. 7 shows the ration between the equivalent synthesizable inductance L_(α) and the inductance L_(DC) (L_(α)/L_(DC)) versus the time-delay a in radian. It is clear that the equivalent synthesizable inductance L_(α) increases monotonically as the time-delay increases over a wide range extends between 2× to more than 12× of the actual inductance used L_(DC). Moreover, the same figure shows the plot of the ratio between equivalent ac resistance R_(α) and the output load resistance R_(L) versus time-delay a in radian. It is shown that R_(α) also is a function of the time-delay a wherein the effect could be seen as a variation in the output power of the WPT receiver circuit, however if the first time portion for charging the inductor L_(DC) is controlled, the value of R_(α) could be adapted accordingly toward a constant value that corresponds to a constant output power.

The modes of operation are illustrated in FIG. 8, where Vac is the resonant tank voltage applied to the rectifier and tuner circuit while iL is the inductor current. According to the disclosed operation, the switching sequence during a positive-half cycle of Vac starts by the first interval wherein the current in the inductor is zero as the inductor is decoupled from the resonant tank voltage. Depending on multiple preferred embodiments, the inductor is decoupled from Vac by opening one switch or more from the first switching network, such that there is no electrical path between Vac and LDC. Once the first interval is elapsed, the second interval initiates during which the inductor is coupled in parallel to the receiver resonant tank and allowed to charge from Vac and reaches a positive current peak by the end of the second interval. Following, the third interval of operation commences during wherein the inductor is coupled between the receiver resonant tank and the energy buffer. During the third interval, the inductor current decreases due to the fact the stored energy in the inductor is rectified to the energy buffer. Depending on the load resistance, the resonant tank voltage Vac, the operating frequency, the inductor value LDC, and the duration of the third interval itself, the stored energy in the inductor maybe fully depleted and iL comes to zero by the end of the third interval. In other cases where the third interval may come to an end while still some residual energy exists in the inductor, inductor current ringing may occur. Obvious to one skilled in the art, an auxiliary current path would be added to fully deplete the residual energy in the inductor such that it could be steered in the energy buffer. Similarly, the same switching sequence is supervened during the negative half-cycle. The durations of the first interval, second interval, and third interval are the same among in both cases of positive and negative half-cycles. Given the fact that the wireless power receiver circuit is based on bridgeless rectification, the inductor current goes in the negative direction during the negative half-cycle as shown in FIG. 3. Due to the symmetry of the time intervals between positive and negative half-cycles, the inductor current reaches the same peak value yet in different sign. By adjusting the first interval, the equivalent input reactance for such circuit is adjusted such that the said variable input reactance in conjunction with the receiver resonant tank elements is controlled to tune the natural frequency of the resonant tank towards the operating frequency of the wireless power link.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention is related to the automatic tuning and regulation as shown in FIG. 9. In this embodiment, the receiver resonant voltage Vac is rectified by means of a passive or active bridge and converted to a full-wave rectified voltage. The operation of the circuit shown is similar to those of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 in terms of the switching sequence. Therefore, the operation constitutes three different intervals that are conformed every half cycle of Vac, namely the first interval, the second interval and the third interval. Still the first interval is the duration at which the circuit is decoupled from the rectifier output, i.e. no current flows out of the rectifier during the said interval. If the first interval is adjusted such that the equivalent input reactance is adjusted accordingly, the emerging variable reactance can be used to tune the receiver resonant tank. On the other hand, the second and third intervals are adjusted such that the energy supplied to the buffer is regulated. Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize the circuit of FIG. 9 as a four-switch buck-boost. However, the circuit is operated in such a way to adopt the switching method indicated in FIG. 8. The first interval is initiated at the commence of every half-cycle of Vac, during this time switches SC2 and SC3 are closed. As stated earlier, it is clear that no current flows out of the rectifier during the first interval as switch SC1 is open. The closure of SC2 and SC3 ensures that any residual energy stored in the inductor is fully depleted in the energy buffer. Then, the second interval starts immediately after the elapsing of the first interval by closing switches SC1 and SC4 and opening switches SC2 and SC3, thus the inductor is coupled across the rectifier output and the inductor current iL increases gradually until it reaches a peak by the end of the second interval. Once the second interval is elapsed, the third interval is engaged by opening switch SC4 and closing switch SC3 such that the inductor becomes coupled between the rectifier output and the energy buffer. During the third interval, the energy stored in the inductor is directed to the energy buffer and the inductor current iL decreases. It becomes obvious that the second interval and third interval together constitutes the energy processing between the rectifier and the energy buffer. Thus, the output energy can be regulated by adjusting either the second interval or the third interval. Those of ordinary skill in the art will use PWM control to regulate the output energy by controlling either the second interval or the third interval. 

1. A wireless power receiver circuit interfacing a receiver resonant tank magnetically coupled to a transmitter, and for directing electrical energy to an energy buffer, comprising: (a) an inductor configured to process electrical energy (b) a first switching network configured to exchange energy between the receiver resonant tank and the inductor, and a second switching network configured to exchange energy between the inductor and the energy buffer, wherein both switching networks are configured to: cut the current flow through the inductor during a first interval of time of the receiver resonant voltage; direct electrical current from the receiver resonant tank to the inductor during a second interval of time of the receiver resonant voltage; and direct electrical current from the inductor to the energy buffer during a third interval of time of the receiver resonant voltage; and (c) a switch controlling circuit configured to control the bridgeless switching network; the wireless power receiver circuit being configured such that the inductor is one single inductor and the switch controlling circuit is operably configured to adjust the first interval of time to adjust the equivalent input reactance and to adjust the second interval of time and the third interval of time to adjust the active energy, thereby operably performing active tuning and bridgeless rectification concurrently.
 2. The wireless power receiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the switch controlling circuit is configured to: close one or more switches of the first switching network during the second interval of time of the receiver resonant voltage to electrically couple the inductor in parallel with the receiver resonant tank, allowing the inductor to charge; and maintain one or more switches of the first switching network closed and close one or more switches from the second switching network during the second interval of time of the receiver resonant voltage to couple the inductor between the receiver resonant tank and the energy buffer, allowing the energy to be rectified to the said energy buffer.
 3. The wireless power receiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the first time interval of time is configured such that: the switch controlling circuit closes one or more switches of the first switching network after the elapsing of the first interval of time, wherein the said interval of time is engaged equally during positive cycle and negative cycle of the receiver resonant voltage; and the first interval of time counts from the starting of the positive half-cycle or negative half-cycle of the receiver resonant voltage.
 4. The wireless power receiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the first interval of time is adaptively adjusted such that the equivalent input reactance of the circuit is adjusted to tune the resonant frequency of the receiver resonant tank to control the tuning state relative to the operating frequency of the wireless power system.
 5. The wireless power receiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the switch controlling circuit comprises a phase detect device, by means of the phase detect device the switch controlling circuit is configured to: sense at least one of a voltage and a current of the receiver resonant circuit or both and generate a phase difference signal; detect whether the phase difference signal reaches a predetermined value such that the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank is detected; and adaptively generate a first interval of time of the charging cycle during which all switches of the first switching network and the second switching network are opened such that no current flows out of the receiver resonant tank, thereby the equivalent input reactance of the circuit is adjusted to the tune the resonant frequency of the receiver resonant tank towards a full tuning condition.
 6. The wireless power receiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the first switching network and the second switching network comprising at least one switch.
 7. The wireless power receiver circuit of claim 1, wherein a second interval of time and a third interval of time of the charging cycle are configured to rectify the energy from the receiver resonant tank to the energy buffer.
 8. A circuit for interfacing a wireless power receiver, wherein the circuit is configured to receive a power signal from a resonant tank coupled between a first node and a second node, comprising: (a) an inductor coupled between a third node and a fourth node; (b) a first switching network, comprising: (i) a first switch coupled between the first node and the third node; and (ii) a second switch coupled between the fourth node and the second node; (c) a second switching network, comprising: (i) a first switch coupled between the fourth node and a fifth node; and (ii) a second switch coupled between the third node and the fifth node; (d) an energy buffer coupled between the fifth node and the second node; and (e) a switch controlling circuit configured to sense one of a voltage and a current of the receiver resonant tank or both and to respond by closing one switch or more of the first and second switching network.
 9. The circuit of claim 8, wherein the switch controlling circuit is further configured to: close both the first switch and the second switch of the first switching network allowing the inductor to be coupled in parallel with the receiver resonant circuit during a second interval of time of the positive cycle of the receiver resonant voltage following the elapsing of a first interval of time; couple the inductor between the receiver resonant circuit and the energy buffer network by opening the second switch of the first switching network and closing the second switch of the second switching network during a third interval of the said positive half-cycle; close both the first switch and the second switches of the first switching network after the elapsing of the first interval of time, allowing the inductor to be coupled in parallel with the receiver resonant circuit during the second interval of time of the negative half-cycle of the receiver resonant voltage; and couple the inductor to the energy buffer network by opening the first switch of the first switching network and closing the first switch of the second switching network during the third interval of time of the said negative half-cycle.
 10. The circuit of claim 8, wherein the switch controlling circuit is configured to: sense at least one of a voltage and a current of the receiver resonant tank or both and generate a phase difference signal therefrom; detect whether the phase difference signal reaches a predetermined value such that the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank is detected; adaptively generate a first interval of time responsive to the delaying of a signal representative of the event of a positive or negative half-cycle of the receiver resonant voltage; couple the inductor in parallel with the receiver resonant tank after the first interval of time during a second interval of time; and couple the inductor between the receiver resonant circuit and the energy buffer network during a third interval of time.
 11. A circuit for interfacing a wireless power receiver, wherein the circuit is configured to receive a power signal from a resonant tank coupled between a first node and a second node, comprising: (a) an inductor coupled between the first node and a third node; (b) a first switching network, comprising: (i) a switch coupled between the third node and the second node; (c) a second switching network, comprising: (i) a first switch coupled between the third node and a fourth node; and (ii) a second switch coupled between the third node and a fifth node; (a) an energy buffer network, comprising: (i) a first energy buffer coupled between the fourth node and the second node; and (ii) a second energy buffer coupled between the second node and the fifth node; and (e) a switch controlling circuit configured to sense one of a voltage and a current of the receiver resonant tank or both and respond by closing one switch or more of the first and second switching network.
 12. The wireless power receiver circuit of claim 11, wherein the switch controlling circuit is further configured to: close the switch of the first switching network allowing the inductor to be coupled in parallel with the receiver resonant tank during a first time portion second interval of time of the positive half-cycle of the receiver resonant voltage following the elapsing of the first interval of time; couple the inductor between the receiver resonant tank and the first energy buffer by opening the switch of the first switching network and closing the first switch of the second switching network during a third interval of time of the said positive half-cycle following the elapsing of the second interval of time; close the switch of the first switching network after the elapsing of the first interval of time, allowing the inductor to be coupled in parallel with the receiver resonant tank during the second interval of time of the negative half-cycle of the receiver resonant voltage; and couple the inductor between the receiver resonant tank and the second energy buffer by opening the switch of the first switching network and closing the second switch of the second switching network during the third interval of time of the said negative half-cycle.
 13. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the switch controlling circuit is configured to: sense at least one of a voltage and a current of the receiver resonant tank or both and generate a phase difference signal therefrom; detect whether the phase difference signal reaches a predetermined value such that the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank is detected; adaptively generate a first interval of time responsive to the delaying of a signal representative of the event of a positive or negative half-cycle of the receiver resonant voltage; couple the inductor in parallel with the receiver resonant tank after the first interval of time during a second interval of time; and couple the inductor between the receiver resonant tank and one element of the energy buffer network during a third interval of time.
 14. A method of operating a bridgeless rectifier and tuner circuit from the resonant tank of a wireless power receiver, comprising the steps of: (a) sensing at least one of a voltage and a current of the receiver resonant tank or combinations thereof to detect the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank; (b) generate a first interval of time responsive to the delaying of a signal representative of the event of a positive half-cycle of the resonant tank voltage; (c) decouple the bridgeless rectifier and tuner circuit from the receiver resonant tank during the first interval of time such that no current flows out of the receiver resonant tank or in the bridgeless rectifier and tuner circuit; (d) couple an inductor in parallel with the receiver resonant tank during a second interval of time of the positive half-cycle of the resonant tank voltage, allowing the inductor to charge in a first direction; (e) couple the inductor between the receiver resonant tank and an energy buffer during a third interval of time of the positive half-cycle of the resonant tank voltage, wherein the inductor energy is directed to the energy buffer; (f) generate a fourth interval of time responsive to the delaying of a signal representative of the event of a negative half-cycle of the resonant tank voltage; (g) decouple the bridgeless rectifier and tuner circuit from the receiver resonant tank during the fourth interval of time such that no current flows out of the receiver resonant tank or in the bridgeless rectifier and tuner circuit; (h) couple the inductor in parallel with the receiver resonant tank during a fifth interval of time of the negative half-cycle of the resonant tank voltage, allowing the inductor to charge in a second direction opposite to the first direction; and (i) couple the inductor between the receiver resonant tank and an energy buffer during a sixth interval of time of the negative half-cycle of the resonant tank voltage, wherein the inductor energy is directed to the energy buffer;
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the corresponding interval of time in positive half-cycle and negative half-cycle of the resonant tank voltage are symmetrical, wherein the interval of time is configured such as: the first interval of time equals the fourth interval of time; the second interval of time equals the fifth interval of time; and the third interval of time equals the sixth interval of time.
 16. A circuit for interfacing a wireless power receiver wherein the circuit is configured to receive a power signal from full-wave rectifier connected to a resonant tank, wherein the circuit comprising: (a) means for rectifying the resonant tank voltage having a first output terminal connected to a first node and a second output terminal connected a second node; (b) an inductor coupled between a third node and a fourth node; (c) a first switching network, comprises: (i) a first switch coupled between the first node and the third node; and (ii) a second switch coupled between the third node and the second node. (d) a second switching network, comprises: (i) a first switch coupled between the fourth node and the second node; and (ii) a second switch coupled between the fourth node and a fifth node. (e) an energy buffer coupled between the fifth node and the second node; and (f) a switch controlling circuit configured to close at least one switch of the first switching network or the second switching network or both, responsive to the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank or the energy buffer voltage or both, such that the timing of the first and the second switching networks comprises: a first interval of time adaptively adjusted to vary the effective input reactive energy of the circuit to thereby tune the frequency of the receiver resonant tank towards the power signal frequency; and a second and a third interval of time adaptively adjusted to vary the effective input active energy of the circuit to thereby control the voltage over the energy buffer.
 17. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the switch controlling circuit is configured to: sense at least one of a voltage and a current of the receiver resonant tank or both and generate a phase difference signal therefrom; detect whether the phase difference signal reaches a predetermined value such that the tuning condition of the receiver resonant tank is detected; adaptively generate a first interval of time responsive to the delaying of a signal representative of the event of the beginning of a half-cycle of the rectified resonant tank voltage; and close the second switch of both the first switching network and the second switching network during the first interval of time such that: (i) any remaining energy in the inductor is rectified to the buffer; and (ii) no current flows out of the receiver resonant tank, thereby the equivalent input reactance of the circuit is adjusted to the tune the resonant frequency of the receiver resonant tank towards a full tuning condition.
 18. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the switch controlling circuit is further configured to: close the first switch of both the first switching network and the second switching network during a second interval of time of the charging half-cycle following the elapsing of the first interval of time; open the first switch of the second switching network, maintain the first switch of the first switching network closed, and close the second switch of the second switching network during a third interval of time of the half-cycle of the rectified resonant tank voltage following the elapsing of the second interval of time; and open the first switch of the first switching network and close the second switch of the first switching network while maintaining the second switch of the second switching network closed during the first interval of time. 